Lesson 36: Lists and enumeration

Listing items or steps in Vietnamese relies on rhythm and a few specific markers.

Rhythmic Listing

Often, simple commas (pauses) are enough. The word (and) usually only appears before the final item, if at all.

Táo, cam  xoài.
"Apples, oranges, and mangoes."

Ordering with "thứ"

To rank items ("firstly, secondly"), use thứ + number.

Thứ nhất là rẻ.
"First is (it's) cheap."
Thứ hai là đẹp.
"Second is (it's) beautiful."

Conversational Additions

To add "oh, and also" to a list, use với lại or còn.

Tôi thích phở, với lại bánh mì.
"I like pho, and (also) banh mi."

The Final "với"

In spoken lists, với (with) often replaces as a connector.

Xanh, đỏ với vàng.
"Blue, red, with (and) yellow."

Examples

Cần mua sữa, trứng với rau.
"Need to buy milk, eggs, and vegetables."

Note on nuance

Thứ nhất... thứ hai... is great for organizing an argument or explaining reasons. Với lại is very casual, used when you remember one more thing to add to the pile.